Use Compound Sentences to Show Cause and Effect Relationship of ideas |Chalk Talk PH

COMPOUND SENTENCE

A compound sentence is a sentence that has at least two independent clauses joined by a comma, semicolon or conjunction. An independent clause is a clause that has a subject and verb and forms a complete thought.

 

An example of a compound sentence is, "This house is too expensive, and that house is too small." This sentence is a compound sentence because it has two independent clauses, "This house is too expensive “and "that house is too small" separated by a comma and the conjunction 'and.'

 

When independent clauses are joined with coordinators (also called coordinating conjunctions) commas and semicolons, they do more than just join the clauses. They add meaning and flow to your writing. First let's look at the coordinators you can use to join independent clauses. They are:

For (is used to state a reason)

And (is used to add information)

Nor (means not even one)

But (to state contradiction)

Or (is used between two options)

Yet (is used to give contradiction like but)

So (shows the consequence or result of something)

Note that they form the handy mnemonic FANBOYS.

 

CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP

A cause-effect relationship is a relationship in which one event (the cause) makes another event happen (the effect). One cause can have several effects.

 

In order to establish a cause-effect relationship, three criteria must be met:

1. The first criterion is that the cause has to occur before the effect. This is also known as temporal precedence.

 

2. Whenever the cause happens, the effect must also occur. Consequently, if the cause does not happen, then the effect must not take place.

 

3. The strength of the cause also determines the strength of the effect.

 

Example:

Think about when you woke up today. In all likelihood, you were probably woken up by the sound of an alarm clock. The loud sound of the alarm was the cause. Without the alarm, you probably would have overslept. In this scenario, the alarm had the effect of you waking up at a certain time. This is what we mean by cause and effect.

 

USING COMPOUND SENTENCE TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP

 

            Take a look how compound sentence is used to show cause and effect relationship.

Example 1:

Some believe dinosaurs died out because a large meteor hit the earth.

In this sentence, there are two independent clauses connected by coordinating conjunction because: Clause # 1: Some believe dinosaurs died out; Clause # 2: a large meteor hit the earth. Clause # 1 is the effect as it is the result that happened after Clause # 2 as the cause occurred.     

 

Example 2:

 

The meal we ordered was cheaper than expected, so we ordered dessert.

           

            This example contains two independent clauses connected by the coordinating conjunction so: Clause # 1: The meal we ordered was cheaper than expected; Clause # 2: we ordered dessert. Clause # 1 is the cause that happened first and as a result Clause # 2 as the effect happened.       

 

Example 3:

 

Professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient, for their positions are at times rather stressful.

 

            Sentence number three is a compound sentence as it is composed of two independent clauses and connected by coordinating conjunction for: Clause # 1: Professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient; Clause # 2: their positions are at times rather stressful. Clause # 1 is the effect that occurs brought by the circumstance in Clause # 2 as the cause that happened first.       

Sources: Retrieved at https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-compound-sentence-examples-definition-quiz.html

Retrieved at https://www.quora.com/How-are-causes-and-effects-related

Retrieved at https://www.thoughtco.com/showing-cause-effect-in-written-english-1212354

Classify Various Text Types |Chalk Talk PH

A writer’s style is a reflection of his or her personality, unique voice, and way of approaching the audience and readers.

However, every piece writers write is for a specific purpose- for example, writers may want to explain how something works or persuade people to agree with their point of view. While there are as many writer's styles as there are writers, there are only four general purposes that lead someone to write a piece, and these are known as the four styles, or types, of writing. Knowing all four different types and their usages is important for any writer.

 

Here are the categories and their definitions:

1. Expository

Expository writing's main purpose is to explain. It is a subject-oriented writing style, in which authors focus on telling you about a given topic or subject without voicing their personal opinions. These types of essays or articles furnish you with relevant facts and figures but do not include their opinions. This is one of the most common types of writing. You always see it in textbooks and how-to articles. The author just tells you about a given subject, such as how to do something.

Key Points:

a. Usually explains something in a process.

b. Is often equipped with facts and figures.

c. Is usually in a logical order and sequence.

 

When You Would Use Expository Writing:

1. Textbook writing.

2. How-to articles.

3. Recipes.

4. News stories (not including opinion or editorial pieces).

5. Business, technical, or scientific writing.

 

 

Example:

Many people associate the taste of pumpkins with fall. In October, companies from Starbucks to McDonalds roll out their pumpkin-flavored lattes and desserts. Here is how to make an easy pumpkin pie using only five ingredients. First, make sure you have all of the ingredients.

This writing is expository because it is explaining. In this case, you can already tell that the piece will be about how to make a pumpkin pie.

 

2. Descriptive

Descriptive writing's main purpose is to describe. It is a style of writing that focuses on describing a character, an event, or a place in great detail. It can be poetic when the author takes the time to be very specific in his or her descriptions.

Example:

In good descriptive writing, the author will not just say: “The vampire killed his lover.”

He or she will change the sentence, focusing on more details and descriptions, like: “The bloody, red-eyed vampire, sunk his rust-colored teeth into the soft skin of his lover and ended her life."

 

Key Points:

a. It is often poetic in nature

b. It describes places, people, events, situations, or locations in a highly-detailed manner.

c. The author visualizes what he or she sees, hears, tastes, smells, and feels.

 

When You Would Use Descriptive Writing:

1. Poetry

2. Journal or diary writing

3. Nature writing

4. Descriptive passages in fiction

 

Example:

The iPhone 6 is unexpectedly light. While size of its screen is bigger than those of the iPhones that came before, it is thinner, and its smooth, rounded body is made of aluminum, stainless steel, and glass. The casing comes in a whitish silver, gold, or a color the company calls “space gray,” the color of the lead of a pencil, with darker gray accents.

This is an example because it describes aspects of the phone. It includes details such as the size, weight, and material.

 

3. Persuasive

Persuasive writing's main purpose is to convince. Unlike expository writing, persuasive writing contains the opinions and biases of the author. To convince others to agree with the author's point of view, persuasive writing contains justifications and reasons. It is often used in letters of complaint, advertisements or commercials, affiliate marketing pitches, cover letters, and newspaper opinion and editorial pieces.

 

Key Points:

a. Persuasive writing is equipped with reasons, arguments, and justifications.

b. In persuasive writing, the author takes a stand and asks you to agree with his or her point of view.

c. It often asks for readers to do something about the situation (this is called a call-to-action).

 

When You Would Use Persuasive Writing:

1. Opinion and editorial newspaper pieces.

2. Advertisements.

3. Reviews (of books, music, movie, restaurants, etc.).

4. Letter of recommendation.

5. Letter of complaint.

6. Cover letters

Example:

Following the 2012 Olympic Games hosted in London, the UK Trade and Investment department reported a £9.9 billion boost to the economy. Although it is expensive to host the Olympics, if done right, they can provide real jobs and economic growth. This city should consider placing a bid to host the Olympics.

This is persuasive writing because the author has a belief—that “this city should consider placing a bid to host the Olympics”—and is trying to convince others to agree.

4. Narrative

Narrative writing's main purpose is to tell a story. The author will create different characters and tell you what happens to them (sometimes the author writes from the point of view of one of the characters—this is known as first person narration). Novels, short stories, novellas, poetry, and biographies can all fall in the narrative writing style. Simply, narrative writing answers the question: “What happened then?”

 

Key Points:

a. A person tells a story or event.

b. Has characters and dialogue.

c. Has definite and logical beginnings, intervals, and endings.

d. Often has situations like actions, motivational events, and disputes or conflicts with their eventual solutions.

 

Examples of When You Would Use Persuasive Writing:

1. Novels

2. Short stories

3. Novellas

4. Poetry

5. Autobiographies or biographies

6. Anecdotes

7. Oral histories

 

Example:

“I don’t think that’s a good idea,” said Jaelyn.

“You never used to be such a girl!” retorted Orin, pushing open the door.

Reluctantly, Jaelyn followed.

This is a narrative because it’s telling a story. There are different characters conversing, and a plot is unravelling.

Sources: Retrieved at https://owlcation.com/humanities/Four-Types-of-Writing

Make Connections between Information Viewed and Personal Experiences |Chalk Talk PH

Cris Tovani (2000) offers reasons why connecting to text helps readers:

§  It helps readers understand how characters feel and the motivation behind their actions.

§  It helps readers have a clearer picture in their head as they read, thus, making the reader more engaged.

§  It keeps the reader from becoming bored while reading.

§  It sets a purpose for reading and keeps the reader focused.

§  It forces readers to become actively involved.

§  It helps readers remember what they have read and ask questions about the text.

 

Text-To- Self Connection

Text-to-self connection is highly personal connections that a reader makes between a piece of reading material and the reader’s own experiences or life. An example of a text-to-self connection might be, "This story reminds me of a vacation we took to my grandfather’s farm." for a story about visiting grandparents in a farm.

 

How to Use the Strategy?

Commonly, after seeing a story or after reading it, you will be asked with some examples of questions that can be used text-to-self connections:

1. What does this remind me of in my life?

2. Why is this similar to my life?

3. How is this different from my life?

4. Has something like this ever happened to me?

5. How does this relate to my life?

6. What were my feelings when I see this?

And a key phrase that prompts text-to-self connection answers are:

a. This part reminds me of . . .

b. I felt like. . . (character) when I . . .

c. If that happened to me I would . . .

d. I can relate to . . . (part of text) because one time . . .

e. Something similar happened to me when . . .

Here are examples of good connections that enhance understanding:

Question: What does this story remind you of?

Possible answer: When I was in second grade, I moved to a new school like Shirley did.  I remember feeling like everyone ignored me and missing my home, so I can relate to what she’s going through.

 

Question: Can you relate to the characters in the story?

Possible answer: I know how (character) felt when (event) because I had a similar experience when (your own experience).

 

Question: Do you relate to a certain event in the story?

Possible answer: The part of the story where (event) reminds me of the time (your own experience).

 

Question: Does anything in this story remind you of anything in your own life?

Possible answer: I know how (character) felt because I once (your own experience).

 

Question: How did you use your senses to recall experiences?

Possible answer: I could taste the sticky peanut butter and grape jelly sandwich Sam was eating because that is my favorite sandwich.

                                   

Sources: Retrieved at https://sites.google.com/a/alaska.edu/diane-kardash/Home/making-connections

Retrieved at http://www.smoran.ednet.ns.ca/Reader'sworkshop/texttoself_connections.htm

Infer Meaning of Unfamiliar Clipped Words Using Synonyms |Chalk Talk PH

Clipped Words

Clipped words are words shortened by common use; they are a shortened abbreviation of a word, which makes them easier to spell and write through clipping. Clipping refers to part of a word that serves for the whole, such as ad and phone from advertisement and telephone, respectively. The term is also known as a clipped form, clipped word, shortening, and truncation.

A clipped form generally has the same denotative meaning as the word it comes from, but it's regarded as more colloquial and informal. Clipping also makes it easier to spell and write many words. For example, a clipped form may replace the original word in everyday usage, such as the following examples:

CLIP WORD	ORIGINAL WORD	CLIP WORD	ORIGINAL WORD
ad	advertisement	jet	jet aircraft
auto	automobile	lab	laboratory
bike	bicycle	lunch	luncheon
bra	brassiere	margarine	oleomargarine
bro	brother	mart	market
burger	hamburger	math	mathematics
bus	omnibus	memo	memorandum
butt	buttocks	mike	microphone
caf	cafeteria	movie	moving pictures
champ	champion	pants	pantaloons
chem	chemistry	phone	telephone
chemist	alchemist	photo	photograph
clerk	cleric	plane	airplane
coed	coeducational student	pop	popular
con	convict	pro	professional
co-op	cooperative	prof	professor
copter	helicopter	prom	promenade
deli	delicatessen	quake	earthquake
doc	doctor	ref	referee
dorm	dormitory	specs	specifications
exam	examination	stereo	stereophonic
fan	fanatic	taxi	taxicab
fax	facsimile	teen	teenager
flu	influenza	tie	necktie
fridge	refrigerator	typo	typographical error
gas	gasoline	van	caravan
grad	graduate	varsity	university
gym	gymnasium	vet	veterinarian
hippo	hippopotamus	wig	periwig
iron	flatiron	zoo	zoological garden

 

Using Synonyms to Get the Meaning of Clipped Words

A synonym is a word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in certain contexts. The adjective form is synonymous. Synonymy is the relationship that exists between words with closely related meanings. The word comes from the Greek meaning "same name."

It occurs in a language in different contexts, such as formal and informal language, like you use in conversation or academic paper. Also, some synonyms have slightly different connotations when they are used, even though they might mean the same thing. For example, look at the differences between the terms for money: moolah, greenbacks, cash, currency, and revenues, which all occur in different contexts and levels of formality. It may also be nested inside one another, which is referred to as a kangaroo word.

When used as a context clue, it has words and phrases that have similar meanings to help the reader understand the meaning of the unfamiliar word. Look at this example:

The ad will appear in three magazines. And hopefully this notification will improve the sale of the company.

Ad (advertisement) and notification have similar meanings, so they are synonyms. If you know what ad means, you can infer what notification means.

Sometimes a text gives a synonym of the unknown word to signal the meaning of the unfamiliar word:

An event which caused a deep impression on the public mind was the epidemic of flu and respiratory disease in 1918.

In this sentence the word flu is a synonym of respiratory disease. The word and sometimes signals                          

                                                  

Sources: Retrieved at https://www.sightwordsgame.com/vocabulary-words/word-play/clip-words/

Retrieved at https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-clipping-words-1689855

Retrieved at https://study.com/academy/lesson/using-context-clues-to-complete-a-sentence.html

Retrieved at https://www.thoughtco.com/synonym-definition-1692177

Retrieved at https://study.com/academy/lesson/using-context-clues-to-complete-a-sentence.html