Compose clear and coherent sentences using appropriate grammatical structures: TENSES of VERBS. |Chalk Talk PH

Kapag naririnig na ang mga terms na Perfect Progressive, Perfect, o Progressive, marami ang nateTENSE at which is which nga ba ng tense of verb used in the sentence.

Today, I will give you basic overview of the verb tense in English.

There are three main verb tenses in English: present, past and future. And they are divided into four aspects: the simple, progressive, perfect and perfect progressive.

Mayroong 12 na pangunahing tense of verb na dapat natin malaman.

Mayroon lamang dalawang paraan ng pagbuo ng tense gamit ang verb alone: the past and the present tense. For example: We drove and We drive.

Upang makabuo ng iba pang mga tense ng verb, you have to add a form of have, be or will in front of the verb. These are called helping or auxiliary verbs.

DISCUSSION OF SIMPLE TENSES

Simulan natin sa SIMPLE TENSES. These are probably the first tenses you learned in English.

Simple tenses usually refer to a single action. In general, simple tenses express facts and situations that existed in the past, exist in the present, or will exist in the future.

Ito ay nagpapahayag ng mga mga katotohanan, sitwasyon, o pangyayari na naganap sa nakaraan, nangyayari sa kasalukuyan, at magaganap sa hinaharap. 

EXAMPLE OF SIMPLE TENSES

Simple present: I drive home every day.

Simple past: I drove home yesterday.

Simple future: I will drive home later.

DISCUSSION OF PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) TENSES

Ginagamit ang PROGRESSIVE TENSES upang pag-usapan ang mga hindi natapos na kaganapan. Ito ay tinatawag ding CONTINUOUS o tuloy-tuloy na tense.

EXAMPLE OF PROGRESSIVE TENSES

Past progressive: I was driving when you called.

Present progressive: I am driving now.

Future progressive: I will be driving when you call.

DISCUSSION OF PERFECT TENSES

Ngayon ay pag-usapan natin ang PERFECT TENSES. Ang perfect tenses ay nagdudulot ng pinaka-pagkalito. Sa madaling salita, ipinapahayag nila ang ideya na ang isang kaganapan ay nangyayari bago ang isa pang kaganapan.

Ang mga pang-abay na never, yet, at already ay karaniwan na sa perfect tenses.

EXAMPLE OF PERFECT TENSES

Present perfect: I have driven that road.

Past perfect: I had already driven that road in the past.

Future perfect: I will have driven 200 miles by tomorrow.

DISCUSSION OF PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES

Finally, tingnan natin ang PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES. Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga perfect progressive tenses ay nagpapahayag ng tagal, o gaano katagal? Ang mga perfect progressive tenses ay kadalasang kinabibilangan ng mga pang-abay na for o since.

EXAMPLE OF PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES

Present perfect progressive: I have been driving since this morning.

Past perfect progressive: I had been driving for three hours before I stopped to get gas.

Future perfect progressive: I will have been driving for five hours by the time I arrive.

Identify TEXT TYPE according to STRUCTURE: CAUSE and EFFECT- COMPARISON and CONTRAST- PROBLEM and SOLUTION relationships. |Chalk Talk PH

Naexperience mo na rin ba sa isang exam na halos isang buong page ang text na binasa at pagdating sa dulo isang tanong lang ang kailangang sagutin?

At ang nag-iisang tanong, PILIPINAS, What type of text according to structure is the paragraph above?

DISCUSSION OF CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP

Cause and effect text structure is generally a paragraph that gives reasons why something happened, that is, REASONS are CAUSES and the thing that happens is the EFFECT.

Ang CAUSE o SANHI ay ang DAHILAN kung bakit nangyari ang isang bagay na tinatawag na EFFECT o BUNGA. Madalas ginagamit sa EXPOSITORY o PAGLALAHAD na sulatin at PERSUASIVE writing o MAPANGHIMOK na sulatin.

Ang isang TRICK upang malaman kung ang isang text ba ay CAUSE and EFFECT relationship ay hanapin ang mga sumusunod na SIGNAL WORDS and PHRASES:

-for this reason

-thus

-since

-in order to

-as a result

-therefore

-consequently

-because

-due to

-for this reason

-on account of

-as an effect/ effect

DISCUSSION OF COMPARISON- CONTRAST RELATIONSHIP

Compare and Contrast text structure explores similarities and differences of two or more things.

Ito ay ang PAGTUTULAD o COMPARING at PAG-IIBA o CONTRASTING ng dalawa o higit pang mga bagay.

Kung tinatalakay lamang ng text ang mga pagkakatulad, paghahambing o COMPARING lamang ito. Likewise, kung tinatalakay lamang nito ang mga paraan na magkakaiba ang mga bagay, magkakaiba o CONTRASTING lamang ito.

Ang isang TRICK naman upang malaman kung ang isang text ay COMPARE and CONTRAST relationship ay hanapin ang mga sumusunod na SIGNAL WORDS and PHRASES:

-in comparison

-by contrast

-similarly

-but

-on the other hand

-on the contrary

-yet

-however

-despite

-similarly

-as opposed to

-both

-than

DISCUSSION OF PROBLEM- SOLUTION RELATIONSHIP

Problem and Solution text structure introduces a problem or problems then explains the solution and its effects.  

Ang impormasyon sa isang text ay ipinahayag bilang isang problema o patungkol sa isyu na may equivalent na isang bagay na maaari o dapat gawin upang malunasan ang isyu.

At ang TRICK upang malaman kung ang isang text ay PROBLEM and SOLUTION relationship ay hanapin ang mga sumusunod na SIGNAL WORDS and PHRASES:

-problem

-solution

-because

-cause

-since

-as a result

-in order to

-so that

-so

EXAMPLE

Subukan nating maidentify ang mga sumusunod na paragraph o text kung anong text type ang mga ito:

Example #1:

Coming on the heels of an acorn glut, the dearth this year will probably have a cascade of effects on the forest ecosystem, culling the populations of squirrels, field mice and ground-nesting birds. And because the now-overgrown field mouse population will crash, legions of ticks — some infected with Lyme disease — will be aggressively pursuing new hosts, like humans.

-The New York Times

 

Guided ng mga SIGNAL WORDS and PHRASES, anong text type kaya ito?

Coming on the heels of an acorn glut, the dearth this year will probably have a cascade of effects on the forest ecosystem, culling the populations of squirrels, field mice and ground-nesting birds. And because the now-overgrown field mouse population will crash, legions of ticks — some infected with Lyme disease — will be aggressively pursuing new hosts, like humans.

-The New York Times

Using SIGNAL WORDS EFFECTS and BECAUSE, the passage has a CAUSE and EFFECT relationship.

Example #2:

American stadium design has been stuck in a nostalgic funk, with sports franchises recycling the same old images year after year. Still, if you have to go with a retro look, New York City could have done worse than the new Yankee Stadium and Citi Field. Both were designed by Populous (formerly known as HOK Sport Venue Event) and are major upgrades over the stadiums they replaced, which had been looking more and more dilapidated over the years. Both should be fine places to spend a few hours watching a game.

-The New York Times

 

Anong mga SIGNAL WORDS and PHRASES ang nakita mo sa passage na maaaring makatulong upang maidentify kung anong text type ito?

American stadium design has been stuck in a nostalgic funk, with sports franchises recycling the same old images year after year. Still, if you have to go with a retro look, New York City could have done worse than the new Yankee Stadium and Citi Field. Both were designed by Populous (formerly known as HOK Sport Venue Event) and are major upgrades over the stadiums they replaced, which had been looking more and more dilapidated over the years. Both should be fine places to spend a few hours watching a game.

-The New York Times

Gamit ang SIGNAL WORDS na THAN at BOTH, the passage has a COMPARE and CONTRAST relationship.

Example #3:

The Benedictine monks at the Portsmouth Abbey in Portsmouth, R.I., have a problem. They are aging — five are octogenarians and the youngest will be 50 on his next birthday — and their numbers have fallen to 12, from a peak of about 24 in 1969.

So the monks, who for centuries have shied away from any outside distractions, have instead done what many troubled organizations are doing to find new members — they have taken to the Internet with an elaborate ad campaign featuring videos, a blog and even a Gregorian chant ringtone.

-The New York Times

 

With this example, anong text type kaya based sa mga SIGNAL WORDS and PHRASES na ginamit?

 

The Benedictine monks at the Portsmouth Abbey in Portsmouth, R.I., have a problem. They are aging — five are octogenarians and the youngest will be 50 on his next birthday — and their numbers have fallen to 12, from a peak of about 24 in 1969.

So the monks, who for centuries have shied away from any outside distractions, have instead done what many troubled organizations are doing to find new members — they have taken to the Internet with an elaborate ad campaign featuring videos, a blog and even a Gregorian chant ringtone.

-The New York Times

Ang SIGNAL WORDS na PROBLEM at SO ay nagpapakita na ang text ay may PROBLEM and SOLUTION relationship.

Distinguish FACT from OPINION in a narrative. |Chalk Talk PH

Minsan ka na rin bang nalinlang o naloko?

Ang skill sa pagdistinguish o pagkilala sa FACT o KATOTOHANAN at OPINION o OPINYON ay isang mahalagang kasanayan sa reading comprehension o pag-unawa sa binabasa.

But how do you tell the difference between the two? Paano mo masasabi ang pagkakaiba ng dalawa?

Luckily, mayroong TIPS & TRICKS upang matutunan ang  FACT at OPINION. And that’s a FACT!

DESCRIPTION OF FACT

A FACT is a statement that is true and can be verified objectively, or proven. In other words, a fact is true and correct no matter what.

Ang isang FACT o KATOTOHANAN ay isang pahayag na TOTOO na maaaring mapatunayan o napatunayan na. Sa madaling salita, ang isang FACT o KATOTOHANAN ay TOTOO at TAMA kahit ano man ang mangyari.

EXAMPLE OF FACT

Let’s take a look at this example.

Eraserheads was a Philippine rock band.

O sa Filipino, Ang Eraserheads ay isang rock band ng Pilipinas.

Ang tanong, ito ba ay isang FACT? Ito ba ay isang KATOTOHANAN na maaaring patunayan?

Ang sagot, OO.

Patunay #1. Inilarawan ng SPOTIFY, isang digital music service, ang Eraserheads bilang isa sa pinakamahalagang artist sa kasaysayan ng Pinoy rock music. Kadalasang inilarawan bilang sariling Beatles ng Pilipinas.

Patunay #2. Ayon naman sa Fandom.com, isang entertainment site, ang Eraserheads ay isang Filipino rock band na nakakuha ng katanyagan noong  90s, na naging isa sa mga pinaka-maimpluwensya sa OPM o Original Pinoy Music.

Kaya, ang statement na Eraserheads was a Philippine rock band, ay legit na isang FACT.

DESCRIPTION OF OPINION

On the other hand, an OPINION is a statement that holds an element of BELIEF as it tells how someone FEELS over someone or something. 

Tandaan, ang isang OPINION o OPINYON ay HINDI laging totoo at HINDI mapapatunayan.

EXAMPLE OF OPINION

Let’s associate our example with our sentence earlier.

The Eraserheads sang great songs.

How does this example become OPINION? Pano nga ba natin malalaman?

Tip # 1. Maaari nating iassume na hindi lahat ay kilala ang Eraserheads, which means, hindi rin sila aware sa kanilang mga kanta.

Tip # 2. Another assumption ay kilala ng lahat ang bandang Eraserheads pero hindi nila trip o hindi nila naeenjoy ang rock songs o rock music.

Tip # 3. Ang paggamit ng DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVE o Pang-uring Panglarawan na GREAT ay nagsusuggest na ang statement ay isang OPINION. Madalas sa mga statement na ginamitan ng DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVE ay classified as OPINION. Maaring sa ibang tao GREAT talaga ang songs ng banda, while sa iba naman ay iba ang paglalarawan nila.

MORE EXAMPLE

You may encounter fact and opinion questions on standardized tests- in a short passage. Minsan, kakailanganin matukoy ang pagkakaiba ng FACT at OPINION sa mga pahayag na nakapaloob sa isang teksto.

 

Halimbawa:

¹Ramon Magsaysay was the 7th president of the Republic of the Philippines. ²He was a schoolteacher in the provincial town of Iba on the island of Luzon. ³He is the president responsible for South East Asia Treaty Organization that fought Cold War Marxist Communism. ⁴He was the first President to wear a Barong tagalog during his inaguration, and opened the gates of Malacanang to the people. ⁵And he was the most eloquent president.

PALIWANAG

Alin sa mga sentences sa short passage ang FACT at alin ang OPINION. Let’s find out!

Sentence 1: Ramon Magsaysay was the 7th president of the Republic of the Philippines.

Cinonfirm sa malacanang.gov.ph na si Ramon Magsaysay ang 7^th President ng Pilipinas. Kaya ang sentence na Ramon Magsaysay was the 7th president of the Republic of the Philippines is a FACT.

Sentence 2: He was a schoolteacher in the provincial town of Iba on the island of Luzon.

Inquirer.net cited that Ramon Magsaysay was a teacher in Iba, Zambales. Thus, this sentence is a FACT.

Sentence 3: He is the president responsible for South East Asia Treaty Organization that fought Cold War Marxist Communism.

Sa article ng Britannica Encyclopedia, nabanggit na siya ang nagtatag ng South East Asia Treaty Organization which means na FACT din ang sentence 3.

Sentence 4: He was the first President to wear a Barong tagalog during his inaguration, and opened the gates of Malacanang to the people.

Sa Quora.com, pinaliwanag na si President Magsaysay ang kauna- unahang Pangulo ng Pilipinas na nagsuot ng Barong Tagalog sa kanyang inauguration noong December 30, 1953 kaya FACT din ang sentence 4.

Sentence 5: And he was the most eloquent president.

Sa sentence na ito, mapapansin na gumamit ng adjective, and this is ELOQUENT o mahusay magsalita. Maaaring ipagpalagay na ito ay BELIEF o paniniwala at FEELING lamang ng iilan at hindi ng lahat ng tao; kung kaya considered na OPINION ito.